Which of the following insurgency elements do the actual fighting and provide security?

Godfrey said.ДЄ senior State Department official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive matters, said the military training program, which will focus on basic soldiering skills, could lead to more ambitious American help for MozambiqueвЂ™s military including combat casualty care, planning and logistics. вЂњItвЂ™s frankly a feature of the landscape in Cabo Delgado that complicates rather than helps efforts to address the terror threat there,вЂќ Mr. Godfrey, the State DepartmentвЂ™s acting coordinator for counterterrorism, told reporters last week the United States was вЂњconcernedвЂќ by the presence of private contractors who have вЂњnot demonstrably helpedвЂќ to win the battle against the Islamic State. More broadly, their effectiveness against the insurgents has been limited.

Then Mozambique turned to mercenaries from South Africa, specifically the Dyck Advisory Group, which have come equipped with small helicopters armed with side guns.Д«ut Amnesty International recently accused the mercenaries of possible war crimes, including killings of civilians. But they quickly withdrew after at least seven Wagner personnel were killed by insurgents, American officials say. In 2019, an estimated 160 contractors from Wagner Group, a Kremlin-linked private military company, flew into Cabo Delgado. Mozambican counterinsurgency efforts have been hampered by divisions between the countryвЂ™s military and its powerful police, so it has turned to private soldiers for help.

Still, the ferocity of the insurgency in Cabo Delgado, the northernmost province of Mozambique, has taken American military officers, diplomats and counterterrorism officials by surprise.ДЄ group that numbered perhaps a couple of dozen fighters in 2017 has grown to as many as 800 fighters, with the ability to carry out strikes in neighboring Tanzania, where analysts believe the group is tied to smuggling and criminal networks that provide weapons and other equipment. вЂњThere are concerns that this designation could complicate the delivery of humanitarian assistance in Cabo Delgado, and possible dialogue with insurgents there,вЂќ said Dino Mahtani, deputy director of the Africa program at the International Crisis Group, who recently visited Mozambique. Some experts worry that the American designation of the group as tied to the Islamic State could hamper future efforts to end the insurgency through negotiation. The main Islamic State publications have not mentioned operations in Mozambique since last fall. The insurgency in Mozambique includes some fighters from Tanzania, but most come from the local area, a place of deep poverty and endemic corruption. Last week the United States formally designated the group, known locally as Al-Sunna wa JamaвЂ™a, as a global terrorist entity and imposed sanctions on its leader, named by American officials as Abu Yasir Hassan.Д«ut it is unclear how strong the ties are between the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and this group, as well as some others in Africa. вЂњFor this to crop up so quickly is concerning.вЂќ Special Operations Forces in Africa, said in a telephone interview from Maputo, MozambiqueвЂ™s capital. Richard Schmidt, the deputy commander of U.S. вЂњI donвЂ™t think anyone saw this coming,вЂќ Col. In the past year, militants have captured swaths of territory in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, including a port on the Indian Ocean, and beheaded hundreds of civilians, according to human rights groups. The war in Mozambique is part of an alarming expansion of insurgencies believed to have ties to the Islamic State in several parts of Africa. But it signals the entry of the United States military into a counterinsurgency effort that has been aided so far mainly by South African mercenaries, who have faced accusations of human rights abuses. The American program is modest in size and scope: a dozen Army Green Berets are to train Mozambican marines for the next two months. The insurgency, near some of the worldвЂ™s biggest gas reserves, has killed at least 2,000 civilians and displaced another 670,000. NAIROBI, Kenya - American Special Forces soldiers began training Mozambican troops this week as part of an effort to repel a spreading insurgency in northeastern Mozambique that American officials say is linked to the Islamic State.

Which of the following insurgency elements do the actual fighting and provide security?